31 мая 2019г.
Throughout civilization, people have always wondered how to drag or carry heavy, bulky, and indeed any load that they were not able to carry. So was simple a vehicle as a sled, wagon, raft, boat. When human effort as a traction force was not enough, people began to use animals: oxen, camels and, of course, horses.
Years passed, the processes of agriculture were improved, handicraft production was replaced by manufactories and factories were built, but horse traction on transport remained and could hardly provide freight transportation and delivery of people. The volume of cargo transported had increased significantly, and economic relations had already developed not between individual cities and settlements, but between states and countries.
The first road developed into the artery, which had established regular routes. But it was not always possible for the person to transfer cargo on these roads. Rains, loose soil, sand and other prerequisites prevented the movement of the cart, carriage, chariot and the force applied to vehicles increased many times. Then, in the mid 16th century it was decided to put wooden sleepers (the prototype of the modern railway) under the wheels and weight and volume on these roads increased significantly, although it resulted in the movement of these vehicles all the same horse. But in view of the frequent gatherings with gauge the effectiveness of these roads was relatively small.
Here is how the justification for the construction of Railways is given in the Memorandum submitted to Emperor Nicholas I by the then progressive figures of the country: "In the harsh climates, railways present a transportatin more constant, definitive, fast and, therefore, convenient than channels and highways... the speed of communications will facilitate and multiply trade turnover and significant capital, now lying in vain during slow traffic and wintering".
The main types of cargo to be transported in Russia have always been and still are raw materials and fuel: grain, flour, wood, coal, iron ore, and later – oil. That is, by the middle of the XIX century there were all the prerequisites for the formation of large-scale raw cargo flows.
The first railway was the Tsarskoye Selo railway, which began to use steam-powered locomotives, but this is not the case. The first Russian locomotive was put on the rails at Nizhny Tagil in August 1834, thanks to Efim and Miron Cherepanov. Returning from a business trip from England, Miron Cherepanov brought a progressive idea of building a steam locomotive for the "wheel". Having brought this to life, the first steam locomotive transported iron ore, weighing 3.5 tons at a speed of 15.5 km/h on a cast-iron rail road, 800 meters long. The second Russian steam locomotive of the Cherepanov brothers in 1835 was already able to carry 17 tons of load, which was a prerequisite for increasing the length of the track to 3.5 kilometers, to the "copper mines". It was the first freight transportation in Russia using steam traction and had a huge potential for development.
Until the beginning of the XX century, Russia was able to build tens of thousands of kilometers of railways, so in 1862 began the transportation of goods and passengers from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod, and in 1865 rail transportation from Moscow to Ryazan become regular. In 1887, cargo and passengers began to run on the Moscow – Kazan railway and in the same year in February, the highest decree on the design, construction and development of the "continuous railway across Siberia " was issued and in 1899 the Central Siberian railway was combined with the West Siberian railway.
Today, rail transportation is the best way to deliver a variety of goods (from perishable food to large construction equipment) around the world. The popularity of such transportation is due to the fact that, despite the development of alternative options, rail transport is still the most economical, convenient and at the same time fast. They are beyond competition if it is necessary to transport large technical structures and oversized cargo. Moreover, modern construction equipment is often already initially designed taking into account the fact that its transportation will take place by rail.
Список источников и литературы
1. https://www.transgarant.com/img/content/10_years/book/History_of_cargo_rail_transportation_in_Russia_ web.pdf
2. http://www.vera-1.ru/articles/istoriya-vozniknoveniya-i-razvitiya-zheleznodorozhnykh-perevozok/
3. https://kvadlogistic.ru/istoriya-razvitiya-gruzoperevozok-v-rossii
4. https://www.vvs-info.ru/helpful_information/poleznaya-informatsiya/gruzovye-zhd-perevozki/
5. С.Н. Киселев, А.А. Хохлов, Г.Д. Кузьмина История техники. История создания технических средств обеспечения безопасности движения .
